1. Advanced Signal Processing: FIR/IIR filters, FFT, DFT, adaptive filtering, modulation schemes, audio and RF signal chain design
2. C/C++ for Embedded Systems: Bare-metal development, memory optimization, real-time constraints
3. Mathematics: Linear algebra, numerical methods, statistics, control theory
4. Microcontroller Platforms: ARM Cortex-M (STM32, NRF52), AVR, PIC, TI MSP430
5. Real-Time Systems: Interrupt-driven architecture, RTOS integration, deterministic performance
6. Tools & Protocols: STM32CubeMX, Keil MDK, IAR, GCC, CMSIS-DSP, UART, SPI, I2C, CAN, BLE
7. Algorithm Development: Efficient fixed-point implementation, lookup table design, time-frequency analysis
8. Strong background in computer science fundamentals, including data structures, algorithm design, and system architecture.